维吾尔族民居建筑技艺（阿依旺赛来民居营造技艺） Uyghur Residential Architecture Technique

维吾尔族阿依旺赛来民居主要分布在沿塔里木盆地沙漠边沿的城镇和农村，特别是塔里木盆地沙漠南沿的于田、墨玉、民丰、皮山、和田、莎车、喀什等地。

阿依旺赛来是和田维吾尔族典型民居建筑形式，“阿依旺”是指房顶中间凸出的方形的建筑，含有明亮、透风的意思；“赛来”是指这种建筑里的客厅或招待客人的地方，整体建筑称为“阿依旺赛来”。（资料来源：S1）

The traditional dwellings of the Uyghur Ayiwansailai people are primarily found in towns and rural areas along the edge of the Tarim Basin desert, particularly in regions such as Yutian, Moyu, Minfeng, Pishan, Hotan, Shache, and Kashgar on the southern rim of the desert. The Ayiwang Sailai is a typical residential architectural form of the Uyghur people in Hotan. "Ayiwang" refers to the square protrusion at the center of the roof, symbolizing brightness and ventilation; "Sailai" denotes the living room or guest reception area within this structure. The entire building is collectively termed the "Ayiwang Sailai."(Source: S1)

阿依旺中的空间一般分为两个部分，即敞开的庭院空间和封闭的居室空间。阿依旺是一个封闭型、内庭式的平面布局，居室空间由兼作起居的客房、餐室、后室、储藏室、淋浴室等小间组成。面向庭院的居室前多设有外廊，底层外廊多设有实心的不能加热的炕，即“束盖”，供户外起坐。阿依旺赛来没有明确的中轴线，平面上的布置也非常灵活，庭院和建筑面积不固定，可大可小，根据人口和经济条件来定。

和田阿依旺在建筑装饰方面，多采用虚实对比，重点装缀的手法。廊檐彩画、拼花砖、木雕以及窗棱花饰，多为花草或几何图形。其装修主要在廊柱、阿依旺的侧窗等部分，以木雕造型为主，雕刻精巧。

维吾尔族阿依旺赛来民居建筑营造技艺以师传为主，从事者均为男性，没有文字记载，以口传心授的方法代代相传。随着现代民居建筑形式的推广和普及，经验丰富的民间匠人减少，传统的阿依旺赛来民居营造技艺处于濒危境地。（资料来源：S1）

The interior of an Ayiwang typically consists of two distinct sections: an open courtyard and enclosed living spaces. This structure follows a closed, inner-court layout where residential areas include functional rooms for daily activities, dining areas, rear chambers, storage spaces, and bathrooms. Outdoor corridors often surround courtyard-facing living quarters, with ground-floor corridors commonly featuring solid, non-heated kang beds (known as "shugai") for outdoor seating. The Ayiwang Sai Lai lacks a defined central axis, and its spatial arrangement is highly flexible—both the courtyard dimensions and overall floor area vary according to population size and economic conditions. In terms of architectural decoration, Hotan Ayiwangs emphasize contrast between solid and void elements, employing elaborate decorative motifs such as painted eaves decorations, patterned tiles, wood carvings, and window lattice patterns depicting floral or geometric designs. Key decorative features include column moldings and side windows, predominantly showcasing intricate wood carvings. The construction techniques of Uyghur Ayiwang Sai Lai dwellings are primarily passed down orally through master-apprentice transmission, with no written records available. As modern housing designs have become prevalent, the number of skilled artisans has declined, placing these traditional construction methods at risk of extinction. (Source: S1)

阿依旺赛来民居营造技艺起源于古于阗即今和田地区，建筑雏形可追溯至汉末唐初，依托南疆干旱多风沙的绿洲环境演化成型，已有两千余年历史。它承袭西域早期生土夯筑工艺，借鉴丝路佛寺空间布局，逐步形成以阿依旺采光顶、赛来待客客厅为核心的内庭式民居形制。在漫长的丝路发展中不断优化改良，适配本地气候与维吾尔族生活习俗，营造技法依靠师徒、家族口传心授传承，是西域人居智慧的活态遗存。（资料来源：S1、S2）

Originated in ancient Khotan (present-day Hotan, Xinjiang), this craft took initial shape from late Han to early Tang Dynasty with a history of over 2,000 years. Evolving to adapt to arid, windy oasis environment in southern Xinjiang, it inherited local rammed-earth techniques and drew layout experience from Silk Road Buddhist temples, finally forming the mature Aywang-Sailai residential system, passed down orally through clans and master-apprentice inheritance.(Source: S1、S2)

该技艺以内向型内庭布局为核心，以阿依旺采光顶、赛来待客厅堂为标志性结构；就地取用南疆黏性黄土夯筑厚墙平顶土木结构，隔热防风沙，抗震性优异。空间划分灵活，配套外廊束盖土炕、壁龛、内嵌壁炉等特色构造。装饰上侧重室内雕琢，运用木雕、石膏花、拼花砖、廊檐彩画等工艺，纹样多为花草几何图案。全套营造工序无成文图纸，依靠师徒口传心授完成整套生土民居建造。（资料来源：S1、S3、S4、S5）

This craft features enclosed inward courtyard layout marked by the Aiwan skylight and Sailai reception hall. It adopts local cohesive loess to build thick rammed-earth flat-top buildings, which are windproof, heat-insulating and shock-resistant. Equipped with outer corridors, earth kangs, wall niches and embedded fireplaces, it adapts to arid desert climate. Its exquisite decorations include wood carving, gypsum relief, patterned bricks and corridor colored paintings with floral and geometric patterns. The whole construction technology is inherited orally without written specifications.

(Source:S1、S3、S4、S5).